Analysis of Tone in Chapter 25 of The Human Comedy Essay -- Human Come

Analysis of Tone in Chapter 25 of The Human Comedy Chapter 25, Mr. genus Ara, begins with the gathering of neighborhood boys in front of Aras market. August Gottlieb, Ulysses, Lionel, and separate youths of Ithaca have just taken part in the theft of an apricot from Old Hendersons tree. Standing in front of the store, the boys revere the apricot as an relic of sacrament. August, the boy who physically plucks it, is held in high regard for his bravery and efficiency. Although the apricot is hard and green and far from ripe, it has a deeper meaning to the recent boys of the small town. The crop is an occurrence obtained in spite of the possible danger of getting caught by Henderson it is considered an extremely well earned keepsake. The boys value it more than any other item at that moment. To them, it symbolizes courage and brave will for risking their reputations in order to obtain this savored item. The apricot is admired with respect and gratification. As August holds it in th e palm of his hand, he is described as a religious leader, since he is one who committed the Biblical sin of stealing and has come away clean. A respected formula is established due to the single, brave action of a young boy. Later, Mr. Ara comes out of his shop and asks the boys to leave. After they are gone, his toddler son walks over and asks for an apple. Ara sympathizes with the young boy and he seems to share a silent sadness with him, a negative nostalgic feeling of a cold and oppressive past. As the boy takes a bite of the apple, he decides that he does non want it. A little annoyed, Ara consumes the rest of the apple so as not to waste it. However, he finds the apple unappealing and does not finish it himself. Overall, Ara is somewhat perturbed by the... ...escribable sadness that lurks in the air around them. The way the young child will not be satisfied sends his father into a frustrated resentment of modern society. People take too much for tending(p) in a place of h ope, privileges, and freedom while war drags on in another country, ten thousand miles away. The appreciation of youthful innocence is thus juxtaposed with selfishness and an inability to be satisfied, which seems to create a double tone that creates a contrast about the reality of humanity. Sometimes we can never be content with what we have until something is lost or sacrificed. In youth and innocence, satisfaction and the appreciation of the world around us seem to come more easily, mayhap because life has not yet been tainted by greed. It may be part of human nature that, as one grows, his desires become more complex and thus more difficult to satiate.

Sumner - Brooks Incident :: essays research papers

Preston Brooks was natural in Edgefield District, southeast Carolina on August 5th, 1819. He graduated from South Carolina College (now known as the University of South Carolina), in 1839, and after he graduated he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1845. Brooks also served in the Mexican-American struggle with the Palmetto Regiment. After he had returned from the war, Brooks fought a duel with future Texas Senator Louis T. Wigfall. In the duel, Brooks was shot in the hip, forcing him to use a walking lather for the rest of his life.In 1853, Brooks was elected to the 33rd Congress as a member of the Democratic Party. While in office, Brooks had met an anti-slavery campaigning Senator named Charles Sumner. Charles Sumner was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard law school in 1830. He edited a law review, the American Jurist, and served as a reporter for the United States racing circuit Court. Sumner also lectured on constitutional and international law at Harvard s law school for three winter terms. Sumner first became a politician in 1845, while the Mexican-American War was in dispute. In an Independence Day speech before city officials in Boston, Sumner denounced the use of war for settling international disputes and promoted arbitrament instead. He also opposed the annexation of Texas and criticized the institution of slavery. From these speeches, Sumner was known as a keen and favored public speaker. In 1848, Sumner abandoned the Whig party in support of Martin Van Burens unsuccessful Free-Soil campaign for presidency. In 1851, a Democratic-Free-Soil coalition in the Massachusetts legislature chose Sumner to fill the U.S. Senate seat of Daniel Webster, who had resigned to get going Secretary of State. While Sumner was in the Senate, he became a leader of the anti-slavery-forces. During the debates on slavery in Kansas in May 1856, Sumner delivered a two-day oration called The Crime against Kansas, that brutally defamed Sou thern expansion of slavery. When Sumner gave this speech, Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina believed that Sumner had insulted his uncle, Senator Andrew Butler. Brooks backfired and used his cane to beat Sumner, who was seated at his desk on the Senate floor, until he was unconscious. Sumner, bleeding profusely, had to be carried out of the room. Sumners injuries from the beating kept him out of office for three years. The severe beating on the Senate floor helped escalate the tensions that led to the Civil War and became a huge symbol for both the North and South.

Semantic Web :: Technology, The Green Guide

To substantiate the extent to which semantic web has been applied in the sustainable build technology domain, an extensive belles-lettres search was undertaken. One of the key findings of the review was that in that location was no real significant application of the semantic web to sustainable construction technologies. The few studies with at least some sustainability issues in the built surroundings argon in Macris and Georgakellos (2006) and Edum-Fotwe and Price (2009). Macris and Georgakellos (2006) explored the use of ontologies to help students to understand the contemporary global environmental issues, how they be linked and interrelated and to consider the different views of these issues, onward reaching a decision or judgment. Edum-Fotwe and Price (2009), on the other hand, explored the use of ontologies in valuate sustainability of construction travails and development from the social component of sustainable development. The ontologies developed by Macris and Geo rgakellos (2006) and Edum-Fotwe and Price (2009) are nothing more than academic papers and have never gone beyond prototypical system levels. However, it emerged that in that location is abundance of green/sustainability specifications/standards/ratings/metrics in the literature dealing with various aspects of sustainable constructions. Some examples of these specifications are the Market Transformation Programme database that contains the different building household appliances in the UK houses arranged in a well-defined taxonomy (Market Transformation Programme 2010 Firth et al. 2008 Wood and Newborough 2007), the special K necessitate to Specifications (Anderson et al. 2009), the Uniclass (Smith et al. 1997) and the Leadership in Energy & environmental Design (LEED 2010). The Green Guide aims to provide a simple green guide to the environmental impacts of building materials which is easy-to-use and soundly based on numerical data. Uniclass is a new recent classification scheme for the construction industryindustry (Smith et al. 1997). It is intended for organising library materials and for structuring product literature and project information. It incorporates both CAWS (Common Arrangement of Work Sections for building works) and heroic (Electronic Product Information Co-operation), a new system for structuring product data and product literature. The Green Guide is part of BREEAM (BRE Environmental Assessment Method) an accredited environmental rating scheme for buildings. LEED is an internationally recognized green building certification system developed by the US Green Building Council, providing third-party verification that a building or community was designed and built using strategies intended to improve performance in metrics such as energy savings, body of water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, improved indoor environmental quality, and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts.Semantic Web Technology, The Green GuideTo establish the extent to which semantic web has been applied in the sustainable building technology domain, an extensive literature search was undertaken. One of the key findings of the review was that there was no real significant application of the semantic web to sustainable building technologies. The few studies with at least some sustainability issues in the built environment are in Macris and Georgakellos (2006) and Edum-Fotwe and Price (2009). Macris and Georgakellos (2006) explored the use of ontologies to help students to understand the contemporary global environmental issues, how they are linked and interrelated and to consider the different views of these issues, before reaching a decision or judgment. Edum-Fotwe and Price (2009), on the other hand, explored the use of ontologies in appraising sustainability of construction projects and development from the social component of sustainable development. The ontologies developed by Macris and Georgakellos (2006) and Edum-Fot we and Price (2009) are nothing more than academic papers and have never gone beyond prototypical system levels. However, it emerged that there is abundance of green/sustainability specifications/standards/ratings/metrics in the literature dealing with various aspects of sustainable constructions. Some examples of these specifications are the Market Transformation Programme database that contains the different building household appliances in the UK houses arranged in a well-defined taxonomy (Market Transformation Programme 2010 Firth et al. 2008 Wood and Newborough 2007), the Green Guide to Specifications (Anderson et al. 2009), the Uniclass (Smith et al. 1997) and the Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED 2010). The Green Guide aims to provide a simple green guide to the environmental impacts of building materials which is easy-to-use and soundly based on numerical data. Uniclass is a new recent classification scheme for the construction industryindustry (Smith et al. 1997). It is intended for organising library materials and for structuring product literature and project information. It incorporates both CAWS (Common Arrangement of Work Sections for building works) and EPIC (Electronic Product Information Co-operation), a new system for structuring product data and product literature. The Green Guide is part of BREEAM (BRE Environmental Assessment Method) an accredited environmental rating scheme for buildings. LEED is an internationally recognized green building certification system developed by the US Green Building Council, providing third-party verification that a building or community was designed and built using strategies intended to improve performance in metrics such as energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, improved indoor environmental quality, and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts.

Bamboo Growth (Dracaena sanderiana) Essay -- Environment, Lucky Bamboo

This research was conducted to investigate sporting zeal effects on lucky bamboo vegetative growth in Azad University, Abhar Branch during 2008. The experiment was arranged as a complete randomized block design with 5 treatments (0.75, 1.14, 1.89, 2.29 and 4.09 molm-2s-1) in 10 replication. Results showed that 1.89 mol/m-2/s-1 had portentous differences from others treatments. The higher level of root number, pullulate length and total weight of fructifys were obtained in 1.89 molm-2s-1 reatment. Number of shoot, shoot length and number of leaf per shoot were differ in different nodes and were highest in upping nod. Seedlings characteristics are during the growth time as a crucial factor in determining the ultimate want of the plants. Therefore should be tried always seedlings have to very good condition. Seedling growth and quality are under influenced by environmental factors including elucidate glitz level (Lavendar, 1984). If environmental factors such as nimblene ss intensity changes, also are under affect other factors and final quality of seedlings (Chaar et al., 1997). Seedling producers with changing and optimizing the light intensity regulated the seedlings growth, development, and plant vegetative quality (Lavendar, 1984). Lucky Bamboo with the scientific name Dracaena sanderiana has owned to Dracaenaceae family. This variety of dracaena does not belong to real bamboos of the Poaceae family. This plant are popular because beautiful leaves and robustness to apartment conditions. This plant is among plants that allowed indirect and low light intensity. So they classified in plants group with low light need (Brown, 2008). Brown (2008) reported ... ...results of this experiment showed that Lucky Bamboo is including Plants that have required too little light intensity. High light intensity can be cause yellowing of leaves. If want of results these experiments ha ve a general recommendation for keeping these plants in apartment thus can say Because the total amount of light produced by sodium lamps with 400 watts at 3 meters distance is equivalent to 19 mol s-1m-2. So use of a sodium or fluorescent lamp with 40 watts can to provide power equal to 1 / 9 mol s-1m-2 for the plant (Barzegar & Yadegari, 2010). As that observed of this experiment the best treatment of light intensity for the optimum growth in Lucky bamboo plant is equivalent energy to 1 / 89 mol s-1m-2. Can also provided light intensity needed for this shade-friendly plant with use a 40-watt incandescent lamp at a three meters distance apartment.

Grapes of Wrath :: Essays Papers

Grapes of Wrath2In the Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck uses intercalary chapters to provide background for the various themes of the novel, as well to set the bill of the novel. The overturn is a metaphor for the working class farmers whose stories and struggles atomic number 18 recounted in The Grapes of Wrath. In Chapter 3, the turtle plods along dutifully, but is consistently confronted with danger and setbacks. Significantly, the dangers posed to the turtle ar those of modernity and subscriber line. It is the intrusion of cars and the building of highways that endanger the turtle. The truck that strikes it is a symbol of big business and commerce. The turtle entered a dust road and jerked itself along, drawing a wavy shallow trench in the dust with its shell (pg 21) shows that the Joad family that will soon be introduced will experience similar travails as the turtle, as they plod along wishing only to survive, yet are brutally pushed aside by corporate interests. Chapter 7, another intercalary chapter critiques yet another part of the business system. The owners of the car dealerships mean solely to exploit impoverished buyers. They do not profit from selling cars that will last, but rather from finding the most treat vehicle, giving it the appearance of reliability, and pawning it off on desperate farmers wishing to get to California. There is no compassion in the car sales, but rather a perpetual cycle of exploitation. This indicates what the Joad family must certainly have experienced to get their car to go west, yet places it in a larger context. The chapter makes it clear that they are not the only family to experience this. As the Joad family faces the same trials that the turtle faces, and as the desperate farmers have to deal with car dealerships, the intercalary chapters help to set the tone of, as well as integrate the various themes of The

Grapes of Wrath :: Essays Papers

Grapes of Wrath2In the Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck uses intercalary chapters to provide background for the various themes of the novel, as well to set the stride of the novel. The turn over is a metaphor for the working class farmers whose stories and struggles argon recounted in The Grapes of Wrath. In Chapter 3, the turtle rolls along dutifully, but is consistently confronted with danger and setbacks. Significantly, the dangers posed to the turtle ar those of modernity and logical argument. It is the intrusion of cars and the building of highways that endanger the turtle. The truck that strikes it is a symbol of big business and commerce. The turtle entered a dust road and jerked itself along, drawing a wavy shallow trench in the dust with its shell (pg 21) shows that the Joad family that will soon be introduced will experience similar travails as the turtle, as they plod along wishing only to survive, yet are brutally pushed aside by corporate interests. Chapter 7, another intercalary chapter critiques yet another part of the business system. The owners of the car dealerships mean solely to exploit impoverished buyers. They do not profit from selling cars that will last, but rather from finding the most maltreat vehicle, giving it the appearance of reliability, and pawning it off on desperate farmers wishing to get to California. There is no compassion in the car sales, but rather a perpetual cycle of exploitation. This indicates what the Joad family must certainly have experienced to get their car to go west, yet places it in a larger context. The chapter makes it clear that they are not the only family to experience this. As the Joad family faces the same trials that the turtle faces, and as the desperate farmers have to deal with car dealerships, the intercalary chapters help to set the tone of, as well as integrate the various themes of The

Effects of Technology on the Hr Function Essay

Criti diagnosey analyse the ways in which the increasing application of engine room at pretend founder an act upon the HR scat. The use of applied science indoors HRM has grown considerably at bottom of the inning recent years with the majority of large organisations now employ engineering of some form inside their HR function (CIPD, 2005). As HR becomes increasingly reliant on engineering it is important to assess its progeny upon the HR function. Firstly, consideration leave be given to definition of terms along with a description of the uses of engineering science inside the HR function. Next the modify in the structure of the HR profession that has developed alongside the emerging and growing use of applied science pull up stakes be addressed. The goals of the use of technology which break been afforded a signifi tooshiet amount of attendance within the literature will then be outlined along with consideration of the realisation of these goals. In addition, the effect of shargond service centres, which make probatory use of technology, upon the fictitious character of HR practitioners will be addressed in conjunction with the views of HR practitioners themselves.Whilst little tending has been given to the situating of the use of technology in HR within a wider sociological perspective in the academic literature, an attempt will be do to consider the effect of technology upon HR within such a debate. Finally, conclusions will be drawn as to the equal of the use of technology upon the HR function. It is firstly important to consider what is meant by the use of technology within the HR function. The term e-HRM is frequently utilize to refer to the use of technology within the HR function. The use of e-HRM varies enormously within organisations and whitethorn be used for different purposes (Parry et al. 2007). The term tender-hearted Resource Information System (HRIS) is also used to refer to any system that helps an organisation t o acquire, store, manipulate, analyse, retrieve and distri howevere training about an organisations human resources (Tannenbaum, 1990, p.28).However, the use of technology within HR is broader than the use of HRIS and may encompass manager and employee self-service, the use of rung intranets and e-enabled processes such and recruitment and surgical procedure management amongst others (Reilly, 2012). It is acknowledged that some current research focuses on the much recent instructions in web-based technology, collectively referred to as social media technologies or Web 2.0 (see Reddington, 2012). However, the use of Web 2.0 is outwith the focus of this discussion. HRIS was originally used for standardising the gathering of information about and for employees (Kovach et al. 2002). However, the use of HRIS has subsequently developed and is now used to a greater extent(prenominal) broadly for purposes such as recruitment and selection, learning and ontogenesis, administration of flexible benefits and performance appraisal (Grensing-Pophal, 2001) or to manage HR and employee information across the whole employment cycle (Parry et al. 2007).Technology has also been increasingly associated with supporting integrated call centres, shared service centres and the use of manager and employee self-service (CIPD, 2007). There is a great emphasis in the literature about the potential goals of e-HRM (Marler, 2009 Ruel, Bondarouk and Looise, 2004). However, in that respect has been little emphasis on whether these goals submit been realised in reality (Parry and Tyson, 2011 Strohmeier, 2007). Alongside the development and increasing use of technology is the development and changing role of the HR function itself. Traditionally the HR function has been seen as being a largely administrative function, focussed on administrative processes such as the nutrition of employee and payroll records (CIPD, 2007). It would appear that in its search for identity and the resulti ng proposed need for shifting of the function (Ulrich, 1997), HR has do use of technology to attempt to facilitate this transformation (Shirvastava and Shaw, 2003).Ulrich (1997) has argued that HRM should become a strategical business partner, in addition to performing roles as administrative expert, change agent and employee champion. It has been suggested that the use of technology within the HR function may require the probability for HR to become more strategic by freeing up time through the automation of some(prenominal) administrative tasks (Parry et al. 2007). The provision of accurate and detailed information available through the use of HRIS could also enable HR practitioners to engage in a more strategic role as such data could be used to inform managerial decisions. The belong to new service delivery models of HR and the development of technology can be seen as interdependent as without increasingly sophisticated technology the various elements of HR service delive ry may non be as effective (Reddington, 2012).Drivers for knowledgeability of technology can be described as being operational, relational or transformational (Kettley and O Reilly, 2003 Snell, Stueber and Lepak, 2002) Operational goals can be described as having a focus on reducing the administrative lode of HR and cost effectiveness, whilst enhancing the accuracy of data relational goals tint to improving services for internal customers due to reported slump levels of satisfaction with the HR function (Kyprianou, 2008) and transformational goals address the strategic aims of the business (Lepak and Snell, 1998 Martin et al. 2008). These drivers of e-HRM can be seen as addressing either transactional or transformational goals (Martin et al. 2008). Transactional goals relate to operational efficiencies or improved service delivery. There is talk of liberating HR through technology (Shirvastava and Shaw 2003) although this strong statement is serve by the requirement that it i nformates as opposed to automates HR processes.The distinction between automating and informating is made by Zuboff (1988) whereby automating relates to increasing efficiency through compute move up accomplishment processes and procedures with decreasing colony on human clevernesss. In contrast, informating refers to increasing effectiveness through acquiring information by using information technology and using that information to create new knowledge. Automating could be seen as relating to addressing operational goals whereas informating could potentially address the relational and transformational goals through provision of information to inform decisions and strategy. Despite the attention to the promise of technology in transforming the HR function, much less attention has been given to the encroachment of technology on the HR function and whether or not the highly prized strategic orientation of HR has been achieved (Lepak and Snell, 1998, Shrivastava and Shaw, 2003).Stud ies that relate to whether e-HRM is achieving its operational goals tin some mixed results (Strohmeier, 2007). In practice it would appear that HRIS is having a slightly better (but not statistically significant) impact in areas of information processing, for example improving the speed that information is available and the quality of the information available than in economic terms, such as reducing headcount, lowering operational costs and improving productivity and profitability (CIPD, 2005). However, within this survey, in a third of cases the reduction in administrative burden was less than was to be expected. Stronger support for the operational impact of e-HRM comes from analysis of 10 case studies by Parry et al. (2007) which showed that technology can lead to faster and more efficient processes, greater accuracy and consistency as well as a reduction in costs. A calculate of other studies also provide some present of the impact of technology on operational efficiency (Ma rler, 2009 Ruel, Bondarouk and Looise, 2004 Ruta, 2005).However, it may be that some caution needs to be exercised in outline conclusions on the impact of e-HRM in this area as it may be that the efficiencies achieved within the HR function are simply moved elsewhere within the organisation as the responsibility for some tasks is moved from HR to line managers or employees (Ruel, Bondarouk and Looise, 2004). There is some positive demo for the relational impact of e-HRM, notably improvements in HR service delivery achieved through the increased accuracy of data or by simplification of processes (Gardener, Lepak and Bartol, 2003). However, the relational impact of e-HRM appears to have been grant little attention in the literature (Strohmeir, 2007). Whether technology has led to a transformational impact on the HR function appears even less clear than the impact it has had on transactional processes.Despite the identification by many organisations of transformational drivers being important in the adoption of e-HR (Watson Wyatt, 2002 Yeung and Brockbank, 1995) it would seem that the issue of whether e-HRM supports a transformation of the HR function into a strategic business partner is only parenthetically addressed (Strohmeir, 2007, p.28). Indeed, Bondarouk and Ruel (2009, p.508) state organisations are definitely silent about whether their HR departments become more strategic with e-HRM. Where evidence is presented it is contradictory in nature. It would seem that in some cases technology has not led to a more strategic orientation of the HR function and has been used mainly for automating operational processes (Burbach and Dundon, 2005 Dery, Grant and Wiblen, 2009 Kinnie and Arthurs, 1993 Tansley et al. 2001). Indeed, Broderick and Boudreau (1992) found that most organisations have only used technology to support a narrow begin of administrative decisions, resulting in efficiencies in managing information but that the potential competitive advantage of t echnology has not been exploited.In contrast, other studies have offered some evidence that e-HRM has supported the strategic integration of HR with business strategy (Olivas-Lujan, Ramirez and Zapata-Cantu, 2007 Ruel, Bondarouk and Looise, 2004 Teo, Soon and Fedric, 2001) More recent research has provided some anecdotal evidence for a move towards a more strategic role (Parry and Tyson, 2011) although the evidence supporting the transformational impact compared with the operational and relational appeared to be the weakest. It would appear that there is far greater attention in the literature to the potential for e-HRM to have an impact in the three areas outlined above than there is accorded to the essential outcomes (Shrivastava and Shaw, 2003 Strohmeir, 2007). The reorganisation of the HR function and the introduction of shared service centres appears to have had an impact on numbers of on-site HR staff and a reduction in the number of HR staff to employees (Francis and Keegan, 2006).The operation of such shared service centres relies on technology that is characterised by formalisation, routinisation and centralisation resulting in an impact on staffing of such centres, which require specialised but generally low level HR administrators (Martin and Reddington, 2009). Research that addresses the issue of how HR practitioners have viewed the increasing use of technology appears to be limited to date. There is evidence that some practitioners may view the use of technology and an associated increase in the use of shared service centres cautiously because it has resulted in a reduction of face-to-face traffichips, which is often the reason individuals cite for choosing a career in HR (Francis and Keegan, 2006). Martin and Reddington (2009) suggest that the significant role of technology within shared service centres will lead to a lowering of the status of those employed in such environments especially when compared to the status of HR business partners. I t is argued that there is a risk of de accomplishmenting within the administrative function of HR and that staff may be confined to more routine tasks where they had previously had a wider role (Reilly, 2000).It is also suggested that within shared service centres different skills may be required and staff may be employed who have customer service skills but who do not necessarily have a background in HR as technical knowledge can be learned whereas the right attitudes may be harder to learn (Parry et al. 2007 Reilly, 2000). In addition to this, there is evidence that suggests that there a perception amongst HR practitioners of an increasing distance between those at the top and bottom of the career ladder and that people from outwith the HR function are parachuting into the top jobs (Francis and Keegan, 2006). This effect could possibly be explained by the requirement of new areas of expertise, such as technical, consultancy and project management skills (Parry and Tyson, 2011), wh ich may require developing within HR practitioners and could possibly result in recruiting from outside the profession.Indeed a number of reports emphasise the skills of HR staff as a significant barrier to transformation of the HR function (see Reilly, 2012). The debate on the use of technology within HRM can also be situated within a wider sociological perspective. Whilst the sociological literature appears to focus mainly on the use of technology within manufacturing environments or of computerisation in general as opposed to within the HR function an attempt to situate the effect of technology upon HR could be made in terms of attempting to assess the effect upon the organisation of the function and the impact on the level of skills required. The attempts to understand the impact of technology upon the organisation of work have resulted in divergent views. The debate focuses mainly on two opposing views. The managerialist and essentially optimistic perspective associated with wr iters such as Blauner (1964) argues that the application of technology will render obsolete routine and more manual jobs and create more skilled and complex opportunities resulting in an overall effect of upskilling, along with organisations characterised by alter structures, reduction in hierarchy, increased worker autonomy and a prevalence of knowledge workers (for example, Attewell, 1992 Piore and Sabel, 1984)Such analysis suggests that in the earlier phases of industrialisation advances in technology tended to reduce skills and devalue work but that more recent technological developments have had the opposite effect. Examination of the increasing use of technology and its impact on skills levels has provided some evidence for a raising of skills levels (Daniel, 1987, Gaillie, 1991) In contrast, labour process theorists have argued that technological changes have a degrading effect on work and result in deskilling of the labour process and reduced worker autonomy, with a central ised, neo-Taylorist form of organisation, with separation of conception from execution (for example, Braverman, 1974 Zimbalist, 1979). The issues of the expansion of non-manual work and the apparent rising skills levels as suggested by formal skills gradings are not inconsistent with the labour process perspective (Gaillie, 1991) who argues that non-manual work has undergone a major transformation, resulting in work that is increasingly routinized and mechanised (supported by the increase in office automation).From such a perspective non-manual workers are no longer accorded their relatively privileged position and are now accorded a similar level of skills as manual workers. Support for the process of deskilling can be found in many analyses of the effects of computerised technology (Meiksins, 1994) Analysis of the experience of employees within the call centre environment emphasises the process of deskilling (Desai, 2010) which is described by Taylor and Bain (1999, p.109) as a si tuation of an assembly-line in the head. The impacts of such call centre roles are often high turnover rates and high levels of absence (Ackroyd, Gordon-Dseagu and Fairhurst, 2006) and the effect on employees is outlined by Rose and Wright (2005, pp.156-157) low skilled call centre jobs allied with high levels of technological and management controls do not contribute towards employee well-being and satisfaction This account of the impact of technology resonates with the description above of shared service centres whose result has been the deskilling of the administrative function of HR and the recruitment of those who do not have a background in HR (Martin and Reddington, 2009 Reilly, 2000).However, whilst it could be argued that a labour process perspective accounts for the effects of technology on some aspects of the HR function, it does not address the effect on the function as a whole as it does not appear to account for the strategic end of the spectrum, where it seems that bu siness partner roles are accorded status and prestige along with substantially increased salaries (Francis and Reddington, 2006). The role of business partners cannot easily be reconciled with the notion of deskilling. There has been a tendency to view the classification of either upskilling or deskilling as too simplistic and some writers have moved away from this conceptualisation of work by postulating that instead there is an increasing polarization of the workforce in terms of skill level with at one end, highly skilled workers with high levels of autonomy and at the other end a lower skilled sector characterised by an intensification of work through deskilling and management control (Edwards, 1979), who can be dispensed if surplus to requirements (Berger and Piore, 1981).This polarisation of the workplace appears to be a better reflection of the changing HR function with the autonomous business partner role, with the accompanying perception of a high level of skill and status at one end of the spectrum and at the opposite end, the shared service centre roles characterised by routine and deskilling. In relation to professional work, there is some argument that professionals have not been adversely affected by computerisation and continue to be accorded high status and prestige (Friedson, 1984, 1986). In contrast, it is argued that technology may have differing effects on professionals, depending on the relative status of the profession and on the status of individuals within the profession (Burris, 1998). It is argued that alongside polarisation of the workplace, there tends to be poorer career prospects for non-expert workers (Baran, 1987 Hodson, 1988) with higher level posts being filled from outwith the organisation (Hodson, 1988 Burris 1983,a,b)This issue within HR is highlighted by Reilly (2000) who suggests that there may be less opportunity for career development if lower level staff do not build the experience that they would gain in more general ist roles in tralatitious HR functions. As stated earlier, there also appears to be a perception that the higher status business partner roles are at to the lowest degree sometimes being filled not just from outwith the organisation but from outwith the HR profession (Francis and Reddington, 2006). Whilst the issue of the impact of technology upon the HR function appears to have been given little attention within research (Lepak and Snell, 1998 Shrivastava and Shaw, 2003) it would seem that what discussion there has been relates mainly to the promise of technology in transforming the HR function and facilitating a more strategic orientation.The reality of the impact of technology in achieving an impact in operational, relational and transformational areas is much less clear although evidence would suggest that the superior impact is in achieving operational efficiencies. Alongside the development of the use of technology has been the reorganisation of the HR function. Although th ere has been little attempt to consider the impact of technology from a sociological perspective, it can be argued that the increasing use of technology, which has been used to support the shared service centre model may be resulting in a deskilling of an element of the HR profession and reducing career development paths for some practitioners. In addition, there appears to be a change in skills viewed as necessary within this function, with a focus on customer service skills as opposed to specialist HR knowledge. In contrast, although the evidence for a transformational impact of technology upon HR is weaker and more contradictory, there would appear to be a perception of a higher status role in the business partner, with whence higher remuneration, thus demonstrating a polarisation of the HR function in terms of both skills and status.However, this reorganisation of the HR function and the development of a more strategic orientation, which it is argued can be facilitated by the i ncreasing use of technology, although being seen as having an upskilling effect on those in a more strategic role could be argued as achieving the opposite effect if the result is recruiting from outwith the profession. This could leave HR professionals in a precarious position in terms of career and skill development, which could at least in part be attributed to the effect of technology as without increasingly sophisticated technology the new models of service delivery may not be possible or at least may not be as effective.Whilst, a lack of academic attention to the actual impact of technology on the HR function requires that caution is exercised in drawing conclusions, the tendency to focus on the potential impact of technology could be followed in suggesting that the potential of technology in facilitating the move to a transformation of the HR function may be to tend towards a degradation of the HR profession, with low skilled staff employed in shared service centres and more highly skilled and valued business partners being recruited from outwith the HR profession. However, without significant further research in the area, in particular on the impact of technology and the accompanying change in service delivery models upon the career paths and development opportunities for HR practitioners, this conclusion remains just a potential.ReferencesAckroyd, K., Gordon-Dseagu, V. and Fairhurst, P. (2006) Well-being and call centres, Institute of Employment Studies, Brighton online. on hand(predicate) at http//www.employment-studies.co.uk/pdflibrary/mp69.pdf (Accessed 21st November 2012) Attewell, P. (1992) Skill and occupational changes in U.S. manufacturing in Technology and the future of work, P.S. Adler, New York, Oxford University Press. Baran, B. (1987) The technological transformationof white collar work, in Computer chips and paper clips, vol 2, H. Hartmaan, ed., Washington DC, National academy Press. Berger, S. and Piore, M. (1981) Dualism and disconti nuity in industrial societies, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Blauner, R. (1964) Alienation and freedom, Chicago, IL, University Chicago Press Bondarouk, T.V. and Ruel, H.J.M. (2009) Electronic human resource management challenges in the digital era, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20 (3), pp. 505-514. online. Available at http//ezproxy.napier.ac.uk2343/doi/pdf/10.1080/09585190802707235 (Accessed 10th November 2012) Braverman, H. (1974) Labor and Monopoly Capital, New York, Monthly Review Press Broderick, R. and Boudreau, J.W. (1992) Human resource management, information technology and the competitive edge, Academy of Management Perspectives, 6 (2), pp. 7-17. online. Available at http//ezproxy.napier.ac.uk2334/docview/210521060/fulltextPDF/13A99A5CA0029773271/6?accountid=16607 (Accessed 21st November 2012) Burbach, R. and Dundon, T. (2005) The strategic potential of human resource information systems manifest from the Republic of Ireland, Internatio nal Employment Relations Review, 11 (1/2), pp. 97-117. online. Available at http//search.informit.com.au/documentSummarydn=164472644509297res=IELBUS (Accessed 21st November 2012) Burris, B.H. (1983a) No room at the top, New York, PraegerBurris, B.H. (1998) Computerisation of the workplace, yearly Review of Sociology, 24, pp. 141-157. online. Available at http//ezproxy.napier.ac.uk2334/docview/199730349/fulltextPDF/13A94B0278177DBCD7E/8?accountid=16607 (Accessed 10th November 2012) CIPD (2005) People management and technology progress and potential, London, CIPD. CIPD (2007) HR and Technology beyond delivery, London, CIPD Daniel, W.W. (1987) Workplace industrial relations and technological change, London, Frances Pinter. Dery, K., Grant, D. and Wiblen, S. (2009) Human resource information systems (HRIS) replacing or enhancing HRM, Paper presented at the 15th World Congress of the International Industrial Relations Association. online Available athttp//sydney.edu.au/business/__data/as sets/pdf_file/0003/72273/IIRA_Dery_et_al_HRIS_Replacing_or_enhancing_HRM_final.pdf (accessed 10th November 2012)

A Case Study Bank Of China And Hsbc, London

chinaw ars rapidly developing economy is dependent on a banking industry which is controlled by the state. The four public banks of chinaw atomic number 18 and the Peoples Bank of China have a strong h obsolete all over the countrys m matchlesstary system. The advent of China in WTO in 2001 and globalization has led to a felt need for transformation in the Chinese economy to integrate it with the global economy. The pecuniary sector pull up stakes need to support this change. An assessment of the state of the Chinese banking industry at present and its future growth is therefore essential.Ideally this can be achieved by benchmarking a Chinese bank and a European Bank, for which purpose a moorage study of Bank of China and HSBC, capital of the United Kingdom has been carried out. The aim of the look into is therefore to cut an analysis of the Chinese banking systems, processes and products through a case study of the above mentioned banks while the objectives of the re look into indicate assessment of the overall state of the Chinese banking industry, pass judgment implementation of various processes and systems and highlight the areas for growth. A deductive inductive ascend with emphasis on case study has been adopted for the research.Apart from extensive secondary research through literature survey, a detailed questionnaire has been administered to 40 clients across a wide cross section of personal and corporate customers of Bank of China and HSBC, London which has formed the key primary resource for the research. A review of the research sources and questionnaires has revealed that Bank of China has been able to quickly adapt itself to the changing requirements of a globalised financial environment and is providing both personal as well as business banking services to meet its customers requirements.HSBC which considers itself as the Worlds local anesthetic bank is providing a complete package of services to the corporate as well as personal cl ient and has been successful in implementing the same end-to-end the World. Its initial forays into China have in addition underlined the success story. The quality of service in both the banks was seen to be similar, however HSBC provided better follow up and also more services on the internet than Bank of China. The growth trajectory of both the banks indicates that, while HSBC is attempting to grow throughout the World Bank of China is maturement primarily within the Chinese banking system.There are a number of areas for improvement identified in the research which could well be undertaken by Bank of China to include greater efficiency and better customer service, improvement in technology and customer follow up and exploitation of niche areas such as credit cards. The entering of foreign banks exit see greater competition in the Chinese banking sector. The need for Chinese banks to adopt global practices is also underlined and it is judge that the entry of more global bank s as HSBC in China will provide the impetus to this growth.ANALYSIS CHINESE vernacularING INDUSTRY SYSTEMS, PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS A CASE STUDY BANK OF CHINA AND HSBC, LONDON Chapter 1 Introduction China is a rapidly growing economy which is considered as a model for emerging countries all over the World. The dynamism of an economy lies in an efficient and effective financial system led by the banking sector. The impact of the banking sector on economic growth in China and its contribution to public life has been a matter of debate over the years.China has a banking system which is controlled by the State and thus has a real large influence on the economy. Exclusively controlled by the central government, the four state banks and Peoples Bank of China have a rattling strong hold over the financial system both internally and impertinently. (Chinas Economic System, 2004). However the rapid growth of China towards a collectivised market economy has been affecting the banking sect or in various ways and Chinese banks have undertaken measures to enhance their efficiency and contribute effectively to the economy.Chinas entry into the WTO in 2001 has also necessitated adoption of liberalized norms in line with the global banking and financial industry. To what extent China has been able to adapt these new practices and how these are affecting or likely to affect the growth of the Chinese economy is an issue of great relevance. As Chinas economy gets increasingly integrated with the global economy, its financial markets will have to support this union. It is therefore essential to assess the state of the Chinese banking industry at present and its trajectory of growth in the future.A case study approach to this issue is considered relevant for which Bank of China and HSBC, London are selected for review of the systems, processes and products to provide an insight of the financial needs and their fulfillment now and tomorrow. Bank of China is one of the principal banks in the country it is one of the four banks which are owned by the State in China. (About Bank of China,. 2006). It has been a key central bank of China which has carried out international exchange as well as provided funds and been a point for foreign flip in the country over a period.It conducts a wide variety of services including commercial banking, insurance as well as investment banking. It is one of the largest banks in Asia and has been placed at the 18th position by the Banker Magazine in 2005. (About Bank of China,. 2006). It also has a large overseas presence in 27 countries. The systems, processes and practices followed by the Bank of China would be a good indicator of the state of the Chinese banking industry in both its internal and external dimensions. HSBC is an epitome of a modern bank.Based in London, the Bank had its origins in provision of finance for trading with China in the 19th Century. After China adopted a nationalist communist economy and banking sy stem, HSBCs presence in the country was limited. However the bank has now retuned with a vigor and strives to make inroads in the highly competitive financial sector where banks with a state monopoly are said to enjoy unprecedented advantage. The Bank is also taking benefit of its old legacy and is already earning profits to the tune of $ 161 million for the first half of 2005.(Schuman, 2006). HSBC in some ways can be seen to be a competition to the Bank of China, though its reach within China is limited to only 20 branches. (Schuman, 2006). The investments made by HSBC in Chinese financial sector are reported to be $ 4 billion and include almost one fifth stake in Chinas fifth largest bank, Bank of communications and its second largest insurance company, Ping An Insurance with which the Bank of China too has many contracts.A comparative analysis of BOC and HSBC would thus provide us an effective arrest of the state of the banking industry in China in all its operational facets. T he dynamic nature of the research will entail application of a deductive-inductive approach which in practice is adopted by a number of similar research projects keeping in view the importance of both qualitative and valued findings. Aim and Objectives. The aim of the research is to undertake an analysis of the Chinese banking industry systems, processes and products through a case study of Bank of China and HSBC, London.Objectives. The research objectives are as follows - 1. Assess the overall state of the Chinese banking systems, processes and products. 2. Evaluate implementation of systems, practices and processes of the modern banking industry. 3. Evaluate areas for further growth and development by Chinese banks. Chapter 2 Research Methodology This chapter aims to illustrate the methodology of the research. It describes common research philosophies, research approaches and the research strategy.Veal (2000) has described research as systematic and careful inquiry and search fo r the truth or an investigation into a subject to discover facts. What is Research? Research is a well defined area of study of a finicky problem or issue in its totality or in specific to a particular area of concern. (Veal, 2000). Research should entail the following characteristics, which will be kept in mind by the author while evaluating the subject (Morgan, 2000)- (a) Systematic collection of data.(b) Analytical interpretation of data. (c) Developing a hypothesis and conclusion. The Research Philosophy Modern research has three models these are positivism, realism and interpretivism. (Cantrell, D. C. (n. d. )). Positivism Positivism entails a scientific stance for research and interpretation of data. gum olibanum only those phenomenon which are observable and measurable are regarded as knowledge. Positivists maintain an independent and objective stance. (Cantrell, D. C. (n. d. )). Phenomenology (Interpretivism)This is opposite of the positivistic approach and is known as in terpretivism or phenomenology. (Cantrell, D. C. (n. d. )). Though positivistic and interpretivism paradigm are two extremes, most researchers use elements of both practices, which is implied in realism. This approach is considered the most appropriate for the project as the writer will be carrying out a comparative analysis of the Chinese and the British Banking system with a case study of the Bank of China vis a vis HSBC, London.Since banking systems are not just financial and economic systems but involve social issues in the context of a broader socio-political environment, a realistic approach to research is considered the most suitable. Research Approach There are two strands, which can be adopted, deductive and inductive. The deductive approach is used when a hypothesis is substantial and the research design has to test that hypothesis. The deductive approach is amplified by means of a diagram at Figure 1 (Trochim, 2000).

Agriculture in India Essay

Since long ago, kitchen-gardening has been associated with the production of basic food wanders. At present horticulture, in any event farming includes forestry, fruit cultivation, dairy, poultry, mushroom, bee keeping, arbitrary, etc. Today, food marketing, processing, distribution of agricultural products etc. be all accepted as a part of ultramodern agriculture. Agriculture plays a crucial role in the life of an providence. It is the backbone of our economic system. The following facts clearly highlight the importance of INDIA. 1. Source of LivelihoodIn India the main tenancy of our working population is agriculture. About 70 per cent of our population is directly engaged in agriculture. 2. Contribution to National IncomeAgriculture is the premier source of our subject income. According to National Income Committee, in- 1960-61, 52% national income was contributed.see more(prenominal)non farming activities in indian villages1976-77, contributed 42.2 per cent1981-82, its contribution was 41.8 per cent.2001-02, it contributed around 32.4 per cent2006-07, 22%2012-13, 13.7%3. Supply of Food and FodderAgriculture sector also provides fodder for livestock. Moreover, it also meets the food requirements of the people. 4. Importance in International TradeAgricultural products corresponding tea, sugar, rice, tobacco, spices etc. constitute the main items of exports of India. 6. Source of Raw MaterialAgriculture has been the source of raw materials to the leading industries bid cotton and jute textiles, sugar, tobacco, edible and non-edible oils etc. in all these depend directly on agriculture.9. Vast Employment OpportunitiesWith the prompt growing population and high incidence of unemployment the agricultural sector is significant as it provides greater employment opportunities in the construction of irrigation projects, drainage systemand other such activities. 13. Basis of Economic DevelopmentThe information of agriculture provides necessary capital f or the development of other sectors like industry, transport and foreign trade. TYPES OF FARMINGPRIMITIVE FARMINGIt is also commonly called slash and burn agriculture. It is used in areas where dominion has low nutrient levels. An area for cultivation is selected and then it is burned so that the required nutrients for the crop to grow are maintained and biomass is converted to useful inorganic ash. Then nth chosen crops are sown. Then the terra firma is allotn a period of rest called fallow. Then the said(prenominal) process continues until the land is wearied of nutrients(i.e. about 5-6 yrs). This type of farming usually depends on the type of soil, rain and most importantly climatic conditions. It is done using primitive tools like hoe, hull, dagger, dao, etc. and requires a lot of labour. Such crops are not produced in a deep quantity and farmers grow crops only to sustain their family with little or no intention of selling them. The famer does not use chemical fertilizers or modern inputs, thus the production is low. TRADITIONAL FARMINGTraditional farming represents the authorized method of farming. This type of farming uses extensive local knowledge and natural resources so that no harm is caused to biodiversity. Such farmers maintain soil fertility and prevent erosion of topsoil. There are many methods of traditional farming namely- Nomadic PastoralismIt is the practice of raising domesticated animals like goat, sheep, cattle, etc. All serviceman practicing this method live off entirely on animal products like fat, meat, milk, etc. These people are constantly in use of new movement for their animals to feed. Mixed Sustenance FarmingThis can provide a very stable farming platform, where plants and animals work together to support each other. The plant gasconade that cannot be used by humans is used as fodder for animals and their blow out acts as natural manure. This type of farming is usually the most deep and sustainable compared to any oth er type. COMMERCIAL FARMINGIt is a type of large-scale farming of crops to sell them to wholesalers or retailers. Crops such as wheat, maize, rice, tea, etc. are harvested and sold worldwide in global markets. Due to its extensive nature modern machines and use of chemical fertilizers is required thus increasing the capital. Due to its large capital, it is mainly practiced by large companies or rich farmers. Yield as well as profit is high due to the use of modern techniques and hybrid varieties of seeds. Commercial farming started with the advent of the Green Revolution and production in India increased by 50% during the years 1970-1990. In todays world Hybridization is very important to increase the yield of crops. Many varieties of hybrid seeds are now available which are disease resistant, healthier and give more yields.FIVE YEAR PLANSFirst Plan (1951-1956)The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the agricultural. The total planned c ompute of Rs.2069 crore was allocated to seven areas irrigation and energy (27.2%), agriculture17.4%), transport and communications (24%), industry (8.4%), social services (16.40%), land rehabilitation (4.1%), and for other sectors (2.5%). The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields. due south Plan (1956-1961)The Second Plan stressed on the development of the sector. Hydroelectric projects and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established. The total amount allocated under the Second Five-Year Plan in India was Rs.48 billion. This amount was allocated among various sectors power and irrigation, social services, communications and transport, and very less amount was allocated towards agriculture due to the other increasing problems. trey Plan (19611966)The Third Five-year Plan stressed on agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat, but the Sino-Indian War of 1962 led to weakness in theeconomy and the plan stressed on the defense i ndustry of India although equal priority was given to agriculture and industrial sector. PROBLEMS FACEDThe major problems confronted by the Indian agriculture are as follows (a) Population PressureIndia has a huge population of over one billion and it is increasing at a very fast rate. According to 2012census figures the overall density of population is 3264 persons per sq. km. Every bit of land has been used up for construction of commercial sites. (b) Small and Fragmented Land HoldingsDividing a small plot of land due to increasing population has resulted in a small piece of land getting fragmented further. The small size of such holdings makes farming activity uneconomical and leads to less productivity and eventually less income. (c) Inadequate Irrigation FacilitiesIn India irrigation facilities are not adequate at all. about all fields, owned by short farmers, are left to get naturally irrigated by the monsoons(except those owned by rich farmers and companies). (d) Depleted SoilsFarming has been a tradition of India for over 1000 years which has resulted in the decrease in fertility of soil and deforestation has led to erosion of the fertile soil broad less productivity. (e) Storage of food grainsStorage of abundant food grains is a huge problem faced by Indians. Almost 10-12% of our harvest of food grains goes waste due to no proper storage. (f) Farm ImplementsIn some parts of the country mechanization of farming has taken place, but most of the farmers are poor and cannot afford to purchase and use modern tools. This hampers agriculture.Forests-86.1Non agriculture-21.8barren/Uncultivable-20.1Permanent pasture/grazing-12Fallow-24..Cropped area-142.5(Food grain-123.5 Rainfed-89)Multiple croppingIn agriculture, multiple cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same field during a single sowing season. There are many types of multiple cropping dodgings that the government has introduced in India. They are- Double-cropping, in which a southward crop is planted after the world-class has been harvested. This helps in restoring the nutrients that have been used up by the plant. Relay cropping, in which a second crop is started amidst the first crop before it has been harvested. This ensures bountiful harvest as well as keeps crops healthy. Intercropping, where an additional crop is planted in the spaces available between the main crop. This helps in keeping away pests.AGRICULTURAL EDUCATIONIntensive agriculture area program(1964)The main objective of the IAAP was that greater emphasis should be given to scientific agriculture in an intensive manner in areas with high production potentials. The emphasis was on important crops such as Wheat, Rice, cotton, etc. High yielding configuration program(1966)The main motive of the program was to increase the productivity of food grains by adopting new high yielding varieties of improved seeds. The HYVP introduced -High-yielding varieties of seeds, increased use of fertil izers, increased irrigation. These tierce are collectively known as the Green Revolution. National agricultural innovation project(2006)The NAIP is contributing to the transformation of the agricultural sector to more of a market to get rid of poverty and improve income. The main aim is to make people aware about how agriculture can be taken to an international level through technological innovations. primer coat AND WATER CONSERVATIONWATERSome Major River Valley ProjectsBhakra Nangal ProjectOn Sutlej in Punjab. Highest in India.Ht. 226m. origin is called Gobind Sagar Lake. Chambal Valley ProjectOn Chambal in MP & Rajasthan, 3 dams are there- Gandhi Sagar Dam, Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and Jawahar Sagar Dam Damodar Valley ProjectOn Damodar in Bihar, Based on Tennessee Valley Project USAHirakud ProjectOn Mahanadi in Orrisa, Worlds Longest Dam 4801mKosi ProjectOn Kosi in N.BiharTugabhadra ProjectOn Tugabhadra in Andhra Pradesh & KarnatakaSardar Sarovar ProjectOn Narmada, Gujarat/MP.Due to the magnitude of floods in 1978, a project of flood prone rivers was started to prevent further casualties. SOILDuring the 7th five year plan, the government decided to take careful measures towards soil conservation. The scheme of reclamation of alkali soil in Punjab, Haryana, and U.P. took place. During the 9th plan this scheme was approved and being practiced in all states. It aimed at improving conditions of alkali soils for better production of crops. GREEN REVOLUTIONWell-known agronomist, Dr. M S Swaminathan led the Green Revolution in India. India was in the middle of a food crisis in the mid 60s. The food economy was falling set ashore very fast. The domestic production of wheat had gone down to about only 12 million tons(from 23 million tons) due to inflation. About the same had to be imported from the US.The introduction of high-yielding varieties of wheat like Lerma Rojo and Sonora 64 during the mid-60s with farm technology and chemical fertilizers brought about the g reen revolution.

Providing Care for Looked after Children

At the end of March 2011, there were 65,520 looked-after minorren and young people in England and therefore some professionals are needed to keep up a good quality of carefulness for every single child who is to be looked after. The health and wellbeing of looked-after children and young people (their physical health, kindly, educational and emotional wellbeing), comes from their quality of life and/or care.Some looked-after children and young people have positive experiences in the care system and get into good emotional and physical health, do well in their education and go on to have good jobs and careers but the start to this is from the arrangements made in order to receive good quality care. It is the government or councils responsibility to decide who looks after the child, where they will live and also how they are educated.It is cardinal when choosing a carer for a child that they will perhaps have things in common or are at least not the complete opposites to apiece opposite as that may lead to bad quality care and a low emotional well-being. If given the responsibility of looking after a child it is officially that carers job to provide a home for the child and protect and maintain the child. They are also responsible for disciplining the child, choosing and providing for the childs education, agreeing to the childs medical treatment, naming the child and agreeing to any change of name looking after the childs property.Parents have to make confident(predicate) that the child is supported financially. At the start of care proceedings, the council asks the family court to make a temporary court order, called an interim care order. If the court agrees, the council potbelly take the child into care on a temporary basis. This can sometimes be for up to 8 weeks at first. After that, it can be renewed every 28 days. It can take up to a year for a court to decide what should happen to the child.Sometimes it can take still longer than this. During this time a social worker and other people will be trying to understand the reasons why the child may be at risk. They will also look at what can be done to keep them safe. They will talk to the parents and the child regularly. They may talk to other family members or friends about looking after the child if they cant safely live at home. The parents might also get support and in many occasion the parent is often seen to first.The social worker will write a key out for the court. These will outline what they think should happen to the child. one time all the information has been gathered, there will be a court hearing. The judge will look at the reports, and listen to everyone involved in the case, including the child, the parents, solicitors representing parents and children and the council social worker. The child will go back home if the judge decides that theyre safe. If not, the council will find them a new home.That may be with other members of their family, friends, a new f amily or childrens home. In care proceedings, a Childrens Guardian from Cafcass represents the rights and interests of the child. They spend time getting to know the child and their family before the hearing. The Childrens Guardian appoints a solicitor for the child, advises the court about what needs to be done before it can make a decision and writes a report for the court saying what would be best for the child including the childs wishes and feelings.The child, once in their new home will receive a care plan which includes how they will be educated. Most of the decisions about the childs welfare will be taken by their social worker and protect carer (or residential care worker). The parent may also be involved depending on the circumstances. The social worker is responsible for making sure said child can achieve their potential when educated.

Assess Hume’s Reasons for Rejecting Miracles

Assess Humes reasons for rejecting miracles Hume defined miracles as a colza of the laws of nature and consequently rejected their occurrence as both supposed(prenominal) and impractical. This view has been support by modern scientists and philosophers such(prenominal) as Atkins, Dawkins and Wiles to a certain extent. However Aquinas, Tillich and Holland and Swinburne to a certain extent reject Humes reasons, kind of arguing that miracles have a divine cause and that Humes seams are weak.This essay will argue that Humes reasons for rejecting miracles are not valid and in doing so consider his two main arguments lack of probability and Humes practical argument. Humes offset reason for rejecting miracles was a lack of probability. He argued that license from hoi pollois experience of observing the world tapeed the laws of nature to be fixed and unvarying. However to suggest a miracle occurred was to say that the laws of nature had been violated, hence his exposition of miracle s being a violation of the laws of nature. Miracles were reported has having occurred by eyewitnesses, as is stated in the Bible in the case of deliverer raising Lazarus from the dead. However for Hume it was outlying(prenominal) more(prenominal) likely that the eyewitnesses were mistaken in what they witnessed, than for Jesus to have actually raised Lazarus from the dead and in doing so violated fixed laws of nature. A violation of the laws of nature was therefore an improbable occurrence. Wiles agrees with Humes point that it is more likely the eyewitness was wrong than a miracle occurred, in doing so raising the problem of evil.It was disordered to suggest God was omnipotent and good if he showed clear favouritism through creating miracles whilst at the same time many people were suffering. It would be more likely that a witness made a mistake or did not understand what they saw than an ominbenevolant and omnipotent God showed clear signs of bias and favouritism through miracl es therefore Humes first argument is valid. Swinburne supports Humes view that laws of nature are defined by the experiences of people observing the world, as he believes that peoples observations are the basis for all natural laws.Additionally Humes argument that miracles are improbable is supported by Dawkins view that it would be highly unlikely that someone could simply learn to walk again after being paralysed as a result of a miracle, as this would patch up a violation of the laws of nature. This also supports the predilection that Humes argument is valid. However he rejects Humes concept of the laws of nature being fixed and unvarying, as he believed them to be corrigible due the possibility new discoveries and observations about the world could result in them being altered in some way.Additionally Swinburne disagrees with Humes idea of what an improbable event is. Whilst for Hume this means an event which it would be foolish to suggest occurs at all, such as the sun stayin g the sky, Swinburne argues that miracles are more probalistic such as picking out a red grain of sand, highly unlikely notwithstanding not totally impossible therefore the validity of Humes first argument can be questioned.Additionally Swinburne criticises Humes definition of miracles as a violation of the laws of nature as he believes that whilst a miracle such as that of Jesus resurrection clearly does not fit in with the laws of nature, on its own it is not enough to prove the laws of nature have been violated, a view supported by Aquinas who suggests miracles have a divine origin. The contingency argument, supported by Holland and Tillich also criticises Humes definition of miracles as a violation of the laws of nature. It uses express from the Bible, such as Jesus feeding the five thousand, to highlight that Gods aim with miracles is not to fit in with the framework of modern concepts but to for God to reveal Himself to the people. Tillich himself argues that miracles do not have to involve the violation of nature as they can be possible events, such as a train stopping just in front of a child on a crossing, which hold religious significance for some people. thence a miracle does not have to be an improbable event, suggesting that Humes argument is not significant.Humes uphold reason for rejecting miracles is presented in his practical argument. He considered levels of education to be a significant factor as miracles were only reported to have occurred by those who were not educated enough to understand the scientific explanation of an event. The stories these people reported were usually circulated and exaggerated, altering them significantly as is the case with urban myths, such as that after Hurricane Katrina stating that law and order had broken down.Hume also considered the world(a) level of education of the country as a whole to be important. He highlighted how the early history of countries is full of miracles and visions due to the ignorant and untamed populations, such as the very long life of Adam. However as the country becomes more developed and the populations better educated such stories disappear. Therefore for Hume, Adam lifespan to 930 was simply a story made up by the uneducated, as living so long would suggest the laws of nature to be false.Additionally Hume believes that miracles used by religions to prove their religion true would be cancelled out, as not every religion could be true. Dawkins presents a key strength of Humes second argument, by supporting his belief that miracles are only reported by the uneducated, as he believes there is a scientific explanation for the effects, such as Jeanne Fretel being cured at Lourdes.The miracles of people being cured at Lourdes, as well as those reported in the Bible simply show that miracles were used to cover up a lack of apprehensiveness of a way the world worked and to increase peoples faith in God, something which is no longer necessary as most people no longer rely on God for guidance therefore Hume presents a relevant argument rejecting miracles. Atkins supports Humes argument that the typical educated person would not be inclined to report the occurrence of a miracle as they would know better.According to Atkins it is only the promotional material seeker or someone deluded or hallucinating who would claim to have witnessed such an event as they may lack the scientific level of understanding of their peers, therefore Humes argument is relevant. However this view has been criticised by Swinburne as it raises questions about how to define terms Hume raises. It is unclear at what stage a person becomes educated sufficiently to reject miracles. It is also unfair to assume that a person believes in miracles simply because they do not know any better, as it is possible to both have a strong belief in God and a good understanding of Science.Further to this it is unclear what constitutes being ignorant and barbarous as whilst earlier na tions may now seem uneducated compared to modern times, the nation may have been highly educated for the time as the standards change. Therefore the relevance of Humes second argument can be questioned. In conclusion Hume believes that miracles are violations of the laws of nature which are fixed and unvarying, and that they are only experient by uneducated people who do not understand Science.This view rejected by Aquinas, Swinburne Holland and Tillich. Swinburne believes the laws of nature to be corrigible whilst Holland and Tillich argue that miracles are not violations of the laws of nature but sign events revealing God to the people. However Dawkins and Atkins support Humes view that miracles are only experienced by the uneducated. Overall Humes reasons for rejecting miracles are valid to only a minimal extent, as he does not consider the different definitions of a miracle, and does not define what constitutes ignorant and barbarous.

Personalities behind the civil rights movement

The Civil Rights Movement was primarily due to difference and racism against the African-Americans. It aimed at granting full civil and political rights and equality to all the Americans, careless(predicate) of race. This article looks into the earlier phase (1896-1954) of the many movements which constitute the Civil Rights Movements.The Civil Rights Movement would be nothing without the contributions of brave men and women towards the achievement of equal rights. These personalities and leaders made it possible to end slavery, segregation and unfair treatment to the oppressed. Even some of these people were victims themselves who struggled for freedom and cleanice.These leaders include Mary McLeod Bethune, John Brown, Linda Brown, rubicund Bridges, Frederick Douglass, Medgar Evers, Marcus Garvey, Jesse Jackson, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr., Abraham Lincoln, Rosa position, Homer Plessy, Dred Scott, Sojourner Truth, Nat Turner, Harrit Tubman and Malcolm X.Every one o f these leaders has his/her own story to tell, own act of selflessness in order to see the give focus of the country. Bethune was an African American who became an advisor of the late Franklin D. Roosevelt and created an all black school so that black children can study to agree bang-up jobs later on and vote wisely Brown helped in preventing Kansas from being a slave state and helped slaves in escaping from their captors Linda Brown became famous for fighting the Board of Education of capital of Kansas to help give all black children a good precept Bridges helped in ending segregation in her school.Douglass, once a slave, helped children to construe and write and fought for freedom through the speeches he gave Evers withal fought for equality for the blacks in Mississippi Garvey started the Back to America Movement, meant to help blacks me treated right Jackson, one of the sterling(prenominal) Civil Rights leader, was the second black American to run for presidency, which he believed was a key to getting more political power for the blacks and Lincoln played a big role by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, which was a declaration of freedom for all slaves.These were just some of those who have great contributions during the Civil Rights Movement. Their primary coil goal, among others, was to see that every American has equal rights regardless of race or color. To do this, not just whites but blacks must be allowed to have education or to go to an all-whites school. This was important for the blacks because it is one ticket to a good job and future. Achieving this also shows equality in education between blacks and whites.The leaders also fought for the eradication of poverty among the blacks. During those times, their only purpose was being slaves to richer people in their own state. They have no right for freedom, for good jobs around the neighborhood, and for all the good things whites enjoy. The leaders have wanted economic independence for all. Another thing they saw worth fighting for was their right to vote. Many black persons were killed brutally just for encouraging blacks to vote. The whites see this as an insult to them because they think that the blacks have no business dealing with political activities.These leaders also wanted privileges be disposed(p) to blacks, especially when it comes to the places where blacks and whites are separated, such as the seating in the buses, bathrooms, housing and school.All these goals constitute social change. The leaders wanted to end the hardships that blacks shouldered everyday. They have also longed for freedom of speech.John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks can be considered great leaders during these times. Their contributions have made many changes in the way blacks were treated in different states.Kennedy was the only president to appoint blacks in different federal positions as a way to end racial discrimination. He issued the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to make way for equal treatments and rights. This act abolished the discrimination on buses. Whites and blacks alike can now sit wherever they want to. It abolished discrimination in housing. Before, blacks lived in the seedier parts of town. Only whites have the right to clean, better and richer areas. Kennedys Executive Order 11063 ended this. The act also abolished discrimination in voting and education.King, on the other hand, also played an important role during the Civil Rights Movement. He believed in peaceful demonstrations and rallies, protests and marches to fight against Jim Crow Laws, which segregate blacks and whites. He wanted blacks to enjoy the same privileges as the whites such as voting. His leadership brought about changes and the Jim Crow was defeated. Blacks were able to enjoy the things that used to be denied them.Lastly, Parks became instrumental in sparking the Civil Rights Movement. She was arrested one night for refusing to give the seat to a white passenger in the bus. She was found guilty, and had to pay a fine. Although she baffled the case, her arrest made way for the Montgomery Bus Boycott which lasted a year. Her lawyers then filed suit against the segregation, saying it was unconstitutional. This effort was not wasted when the U.S. Supreme solicit agreed with Parks lawyers. The segregation on the buses was finally over.REFERENCEPayne, Charles M. (1995). Ive Got the Light of Freedom The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle. Berkeley University of California Press.

Aids in Africa Essay 14

Nicole Nickerson African Politics 11/18/2009 Aids in Africa aid is an unfortunate and deadly impaction that affects the body which is caused by HIV. The body impart try to repugn off the distemper however as clip goes on the body volition start to shut exhaust lead not be able to fight off things such as bacteria and viruses. Over 58 one thousand million tribe curb been septic by this disease and over 22 million take hold died from aid. The epidemic spreads severally and e realday, the death toll of this epidemic can not be foreseen until there is a full wave form that is seen.Africa is one of the near know continents for the aid epidemic. It has affected most of the countries since the late 70s early 80s. The WHO estimates that 12 million HIV-positive Africans ar merely the tip of an iceberg it as well reports, however, that the epidemic has thus far produced whole 331,000 cases of back up from 1981 to July 1994 (Geshekter, 5). According to the WHO estimate this shows that the 99. 95 percent of the pot in Africa do not strike assist, but 97 percent of those who have HIV were not yet proven to have developed back up.During the initial stages of the epidemic in the 1980s, the disease was concentrated in the so-called help belt in Central Africa which encompassed the consequently Zaire, Kenya, Zambia, and Uganda (Agyei-Mensah, 442). In the 1990s, the disease began to spread southward to include Botswana, Malawi, south Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, and westward to Nigeria, Cote dIvoire, Burkina Faso, Togo, Liberia, and Ghana (Agyei-Mensah, 442). It is now 2009 and there be countries that may not exist any very much imputable to the AIDS epidemic.AIDS in Africa has been one of the biggest issues facing African politics since the early 90s. Numerous studies into the AIDS epidemic in Africa have been conducted by Western medical examination and brassal organizations, as well as African medical and governmental organizations. The in herent bafflingies facing the problem of Aids in Africa include unstable or ineffective African governments, sorry or non-existent economies that ar further hampered by the do of aids, and cultural differences that create bias both in the reporting of the do of cases of aids and he symptomatic presentation of HIV/AIDS cases. These problems make it very difficult to armed combat a disease that has taken the lives of many millions of flock. South Africa has a stable government but their policies on AIDS have been ineffective. In 1994 the agricultural was criticized for prevarication and confusion on the policies that they set off to befriend AIDS patiences. The government was being blamed for misjudgment, inadequate analysis, and bureaucratic failure.The unpolished had set up two different prescription policies to fight AIDS which were mobilisation/biomedical and nationalist/ameliorative paradigm. Mobilization/biomedical would emphasized society-wide mobilization, political ordain, and anti-retroviral treatment, while the nationalist/ameliorative focused on poverty, individual responsibility, alleviatory c be, traditional medicine, and appropriate c be (Butler, 592). at that place were problems with both paradigms because of they were underpinned by different assumptions that the government needed to respond to appropriately.The AIDS policy of 1994-2004 in South Africa was brought forth by the African National Congress, the ANC-aligned United Democratic Front and the National Party governments ministry of health to bring together a policy to fight AIDS. At the end of 1993 there were over 2,000 cases of AIDS and 500,000 mess with HIV the government had predicted that by 2000 there would be four to seven million cases of HIV with near 60 percent of death rates due to AIDS (Butler, 593). The policy was endorsed by the incoming minister Dr.Nkosazana Dlamini- Zuma who was insufficiently informed by the institutional and social realities of South Afri ca (Butler, 593). The policy was overestimated just as all other policies were during this sequence of the economy and of human resources of an incoming government. The competing claims on resources in poor provinces demanded administrative reconfiguration and had undermined implications (Butler, 593). The tenure of Dr. Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma had plagued the finical of the non-government sector and health profession. There were many scandals and corruption while severe to run this policy to help AIDS victims.In 1997 the president in waiting Thabo Mbeki promised a new outlook on this pandemic by having greater public awareness and new institutional mechanisms to wrap up the challenges of AIDS. Mbeki had put forth new institutions to teach life skills, condom promotion, and a renewed communication strategy but these places were still unstaffed to help show the people how to stay encourageed. The new treatments were resisted and the government was avoiding funding AVR therapies. So uth Africa had policies in affect to try and fight the AIDS epidemic such as the two paradigms of mobilization/biomedical and nationalist/ameliorative.This has caused a shift in alliances and schools of thought. There were many supporters of the mobilization/ biomedical paradigm because it would prevent the transfer of HIV from mother to churl and to prevent exposure to prophylaxis for rape victims and health professionals. The supporters were later at the forefront of demands for an upscale ARV treatment program. The ameliorative paradigm was missing the ARV entirely and critics argued that it did not prise the biomedical science. Mbeki had advanced the ameliorative paradigm in 1999 and he failed.The critics criticized Mbeki for failing to mobilize resources, humans and financial, behind the government response (Butler, 597). Mbeki was criticized for silences to a greater extent than his words and the attributions of ill-judged and denials of them. The critics believe that with the delay of ARV treatment this results in denialism. Though the government of South Africa has tried to put out policies to prevent and fight the AIDS epidemic they have failed in many ways. The leaders of South Africa have put forth policies that they believed would work for its country, but they can not celebrate or say they are winning the war on this pandemic.The government was unable(p) to muster human resources for a universal ARV program due to political and economic defects which has delayed instruction people how to comfort themselves from AIDS across the nation. Zimbabwe on the other hand is not stable when it comes to government and has been ineffective on the AIDS pandemic. There are many organizations that can help fight this epidemic but in Zimbabwe due to its wars with itself, it has yet taken any action to put up a fight against this disease. This is the worst hit country on the continent of Africa.This country fights amongst itself with coups and tribal wars. In stead of the country coming together as one to fight the war on AIDS they rather fight against each other. According to one article it states that the Zimbabwean government had swept this disease under the spread over kinda of putting out policies to fight it. President Mugabe publicly acknowledged the national epidemic for the first time in April 1999, when more than 1,200 Zimbabweans were dying each week from the disease (Boone & Batsell, 10).President Mugabe, although he will occasionally wear an AIDS ribbon, has never taken the sort of leadership stance (Boone & Batsell, 10). In April 1999 AIDS victims were dying 1,200 in a week stance this goes to show that Mugabe did not take responsibility for his country and make policies to save and protect his people from this disease. The people of Zimbabwe can not speak out against there leader because if they do it would cause war and chaos. The country is already in chaos not only because of vent of life due to AIDS but because of e conomic and tribal wars.The leaders of Zimbabwe are not qualification a fuss about AIDS same(p) most other countries in Africa they are keeping it quite it makes the country seem suspicious. In the case of AIDS NGOs in Zimbabwe, limited political capacity may be due to their origin and mandates (such as providing basic services to highly localized clienteles), funding governmental, church-based, or external sources, or the absence seizure of any organizational hold on or claim to represent their clients and constituents (Boone & Batsell, 16).The country of Zimbabwe is centralized and ruled by one person, Mugabe is not putting up a fight to control the AIDS epidemic in his country and other countries see this. There are organizations that are willing to help but Mugabe refuses to get help from them such as the NGO. The country will soon have no lives left in it if the leader refuses to put out policies to protect its people from AIDS. Though Zimbabwe and South Africa have been inef fective in the fight on AIDS at least they have put an effort into trying to help its people, where as in he country of Somalia the government is non existent and there are no policies set forth for this country to control AIDS. The country has faced civil war for over 10 years so it is very hard to fight a war on a disease when the country is fighting against one another. The government can not make policies for a disease when they are worried about war with in the country. The government of Somalia has done more harm to its citizens and so it has done good, so overall the people of Somalia are not going to trust its government to make policies that are going to benefit their well being.The people would rather go to a different country and try and survive by other policies than depend on the government to protect them and teach them about the AIDS epidemic. The country of Somalia is failing due to its own economic and warfare problems. The only way this country will have a populat ion in years to come is if another country steps in and takes control to not only help with the AIDS problem but also stop the civil war that has gone on for over 10 years.Uganda is one country that has refused to back down on fight the AIDS epidemic. AIDS prevention and education programs have lowered the HIV infection rate (Boone & Batsell, 9). Uganda where AIDS has been curbed most dramatically, the infection rate estimated to be near thirty percent in 1991 is now estimated at around twelve percent (Boone & Batsell, 9). In June 2000, UNAIDS Director Peter Piot called for U. S. $2 billion to countenance for more Uganda-style prevention and awareness campaigns in Africa (Boone & Batsell, 9).This shows that even a country with poverty and economic problems can succeed in fighting AIDS if the policies are enforced. Some critics do not understand that Uganda is fighting AIDS and other countries such as Zimbabwe and South Africa are having such a hard time control the AIDS epidemic. T he reason Uganda is doing so well is because President Yoweri Museveni adopted a nationwide plan to combat AIDS in the mid-1980s, when Uganda was facing the most staggering increase of AIDS cases of any country in the world (Boone & Batsell, 9).The most distinguishing feature of Ugandas AIDS program, a characteristic which has yet to be matched by any other African country, is sustained political commitment at the highest levels-even the health minister took to the streets to distribute condoms (Boone & Batsell, 9). The President stood behind his country by taking charge and turning a horrible disease into close tothing to learn about and protect his people from. He did not just sweep it under the carpeting like the leader of Zimbabwe. As the years go on Africas economy gets worse by the days due to AIDS.The two major do on the economy due to AIDS is reduction in labor supplies and increased cost. The loss of adults at their most productive years will affect over economic out pu t and if AIDS is more prevalent among the economic elite, then the impact could be worse then the number of deaths caused by AIDS (Bollinger & Stover, 3). The cost of AIDS will affect the people of these countries due to lost time from illness, care for orphans, and costs for the company to have to find more workers.Then there is fact of having little money and having to cut into savings which reduces investment and could lead to significant reduction in economic growth. The economic effects of AIDS will be felt first by individuals and their families, then ripple outwards to firms and businesses and the macro-economy (Bollinger & Stover, 4). The economic impact of AIDS on house holds will cause extreme damage. The member of the family who gets sick and is the main provider for the family will lose income. The medical bills will begin to dwindle in more and more causing debt putting the household into more carnage.Mother or daughters will begin to miss work and school to take care o f the ill person, which also cause less of an income into the family. Death results in permanent loss of income, funeral cost as well as removal of children from schooling to save on stimulate which in the long run causes loss of future expansion. There is a backlog for those children who are orphans and are suffering from AIDS. The planning process for the government in providing this housing is made more complicated, and thus more lengthy, through the impact of HIV/AIDS (Bollinger & Stover, 5).Although fewer units will probably be needed because of AIDS deaths, the structure of households may change, making planning more difficult households may become headed by children households may be even poorer than before and so unable to pay for even the most basic services and the number of people per household may decrease (Bollinger & Stover, 5). AIDS does not just impact households it will over time impact agriculture, firms, and other economic sectors such as health, transport, minin g, education, and water. The macroeconomic impact on AIDS is the most difficult assess.Most studies have found that estimates of the macroeconomic impacts are sensitive to assumptions about how AIDS affects savings and investment rates and whether AIDS affects the best-educated employees more than others. Few studies have been able to represent the impacts at the household and firm level in macroeconomic projections (Bollinger & Stover, 11). According to Bollinger and Stover a recent set of projections of the macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa estimated that under the high impact scenario, the population size would be 22% smaller in 2010 than it would have been without AIDS.Without AIDS, the pattern predicts that the population would be about 59 million people in 2010, while under the high impact scenario the population would be only 46 million people. The same model predicts that life expectancy will decrease by 45 percent under the high impact scenario, from 62 yea rs without the impact of AIDS to 34 years under the high impact scenario. There are things that can be done to control AIDS and help the economy of Africa from being destroyed completely.A few examples are mitigating affects of AIDS on poverty, making programs to address specific problems, and preventing new infections (Bollinger & Stover, 15). The government not only has to deal with the policy making to fight AIDS and deal with the different economic struggles that it faces because of AIDS but it also has to deal with the different cultural issues that makes it difficult for the government to use its sources to combat the problem. For example in the country of Rwanda there is a cultural difference between the Hutu and Tutsi.These two civilizations dislike each other due to governmental issues and due to the genocides of one another in past years. It makes it hard for countries like this to be able to come up with a policy that is going to work for everyone when they are fighting one another. Then there are some cultures that refuse to use condoms which does not make it easy to protect people from developing AIDS if they have more then one partner. A country has to have the ability to control its people and educate them on this disease because if not then those countries will end up having no population or may not exist any more.Then there is the case where some cultures people will not take medicine that is not natural. An example of that is priest or clergymen claiming that there is a miracle cure for AIDS but in some countries commercials of the sort have been banned from being played. For many people living with HIV/AIDS, their faith also extends to the skills of traditional doctors and herbalists, while for others their religious faith overlaps with non-Christian or non- Muslim belief in traditional cosmology and the spirit world as expressed through witchdoctors (Love, 645).In one sense, the strength and pervasiveness of these institutions may be regar ded as a response to exclusion from Western scientific bio-medical treatments an exclusion determined by political and economic structures often with global tentacles as depict above, but in another, they also reflect the depth and institutional complexity of traditional societies in their negotiation with externally introduced change (Love, 645).This is more then likely very frustrating to the government if they spend all this money to make policies for people to not take the medicine to help ease their pain but instead take natural substances to believe they are being cured when they are being hoaxed. Africa has a long way to go for its countries to over come this epidemic. There are many problems within these countries that need to be taken care of if they are going to succeed in making policies that will teach and protect its populations.The countries of South Africa and Zimbabwe are well known for there failing policies to fight AIDS. South Africa is better off then Zimbabwe b ecause it actually tries to make policies to help its people where as Zimbabwe would rather sweep it away and pretend that it is not a problem. It seems that Somalia may be lost cause when it comes to making policy on AIDS. This country has more problems dealing with is civil war then dealing with the deaths of millions of people due to AIDS.The only way this country would be able to survey or have some type of population in the future is if another country came in and took over the government or organization that is willing to h stop the war and focuses more on the problems of its economy and health problems. Uganda is the one country that some critics dont understand how it is doing so well on policy making for the AIDS epidemic. Uganda has kept HIV infection rates in check through aggressive, state-initiated public education campaigns.The governments that have generally dealt openly with the AIDS challenge Uganda have tried (albeit with uneven commitment and success) to cultivate broad legitimacy by encouraging some grassroots participation in the political process (Boone & Batsell, 18). Organizations have tried to use Uganda along with other countries as an example for countries like South Africa and Zimbabwe which are having a rough time with control AIDS. AIDS has taken a toll on economic stability in all countries in Africa. The more AIDS cases that are known the more the countries become more poverty stricken.More children are left with out parents each and everyday due to AIDS, this also in time will live the child with out a home and living on the streets causing more poverty. The government can only provide so much for children, there are thousands of children who are orphans due to AIDS and the government can no support all of them. Political leaders need to learn from countries like Uganda so their economy will not deteriorate more then what it already has. The cultural outlook on AIDS is a very difficult one for the government of countries to dea l with.If the country spends money on policies that people are not going to recognize or live by then the country will fail and over time there will be no life. It is understandable that certain people live by their tribal cultures but if it means life over death then they should succumb to what the government is doing to save lives. Millions of dollars are spend each year to find a cure to AIDS, but if these people live by their cultures way and do not believe in western science then they will lessen causing the end of their tribe and culture.There have been numerous studies into the AIDS epidemic in Africa have been conducted by Western medical and governmental organizations, as well as African medical and governmental organizations. The inherent difficulties facing the problem of Aids in Africa include unstable or ineffective African governments, poor or non-existent economies that are further hampered by the effects of aids, and cultural differences that create bias both in the reporting of the number of cases of aids and the symptomatic presentation of HIV/Aids cases.These problems make it very difficult to combat a disease that has taken the lives of many millions of people. Based on the facts in this study if the countries of Africa do not form good policies or come together as one unit then not only will the countries loss lives the whole continent will become a blur. Work Cited Agyei-Mensah, Samuel, Twelve Years of HIV/ AIDS in Ghana Puzzles of Interpretation Canadian diary of African Studies 35. 3. (2001) pp. 441-72. Bollinger, Lori & Stover, John. The Economic Impact of AIDS in South Africa 999. pp. 1-16. Boone, Catherine & Batsell, Jake, Politics and AIDS in Africa Research Agendas in Political Science and International relations Africa Today 48. 2. (2001). pp. 3-33 Butler, Anthony, South Africas HIV/AIDS Policy, 1994-2004 How Can it be Explained? African Affairs 104, (2005). pp 591-614. Geshekter, Charles, Outbreak? AIDS, Africa, and the Medic alization of Poverty Tradition 67. (1995) pp. 4-14. Love, Roy, HIV/AIDS in Africa Links, Livelihoods & Legacies Review of African Political Economy 31. 102. (2004). pp. 639-48